Glyoxylic Acid (CAS 298-12-4) – High-Quality Chemical Intermediate & Hair Straightening Agent

Product Name: Glyoxylic Acid

CAS Number: 298-12-4

Synonyms: Oxoacetic acid, 2-Oxoacetic acid, Formylformic acid, Oxoethanoic acid

Molecular Formula: C₂H₂O₃

Molecular Weight: 74.04 g/mol

It is a versatile organic compound featuring both an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid functional group, making it highly reactive and valuable across multiple industries. Commonly supplied as a clear, colorless to light yellow aqueous solution (typically 50% concentration), it serves as a key building block in chemical synthesis and a high-performance active in cosmetic formulations.

Key Properties

  • Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow transparent liquid (50% aqueous solution) or white crystalline solid (pure form)
  • Purity/Concentration: Available in 50% aqueous solution (standard industrial grade) or higher purity grades up to 99%
  • Solubility: Highly soluble in water and ethanol; slightly soluble in ether and benzene
  • pKa: Approximately 3.18–3.32
  • Reactivity: Dual functionality enables condensation reactions, reductions, and additions

Primary Applications

Glyoxylic acid is widely recognized for its effectiveness in hair care formulations, particularly as a formaldehyde-free alternative in semi-permanent hair straightening and smoothing treatments. It works by reacting with amine and sulfur-containing groups in hair keratin, forming stable bonds that relax curls, reduce frizz, and deliver shiny, manageable hair without severely damaging disulfide bridges or irritating the scalp (when used as directed in professional formulations).

Beyond cosmetics, it functions as:

  • A crucial intermediate in pharmaceutical and agrochemical synthesis
  • A precursor for producing vanillin, allantoin, and other fine chemicals
  • A buffering agent and reactant in organic synthesis processes

Its small molecular size allows excellent penetration and reactivity, making it ideal for advanced hair conditioning systems operating under acidic conditions.

Product Specifications (Typical 50% Aqueous Solution)

  • Glyoxylic Acid Content: 50.0–55.0% (w/w)
  • Appearance: Clear, colorless to light yellow liquid
  • Odor: Characteristic mild acidic
  • Packaging: Available in drums, IBC totes, or customized packaging for bulk orders

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is glyoxylic acid used for in hair products?

Glyoxylic acid is a key active ingredient in modern hair straightening treatments. It provides semi-permanent smoothing and straightening effects by forming temporary cross-links in the hair structure, resulting in reduced curl, frizz control, and enhanced shine—often as a safer alternative to older formaldehyde-based systems.

Is glyoxylic acid the same as glycolic acid?

No. While both are alpha-hydroxy-related acids, glyoxylic acid (CAS 298-12-4) has an aldehyde group, enabling unique reactivity in hair keratin bonding. Glycolic acid is primarily an exfoliant.

How should glyoxylic acid be handled?

Handle with standard chemical precautions: use protective gloves, eyewear, and ventilation. It is corrosive in concentrated forms—avoid direct skin contact and follow SDS guidelines.

What concentrations are available?

Most commercial supplies are 50% aqueous solutions for ease of use in formulations. Higher purity solid forms (up to 99%) are available for specialized synthesis needs.

Is glyoxylic acid suitable for formaldehyde-free hair treatments?

Yes—it is commonly positioned as a formaldehyde-free option in professional salon smoothing systems, delivering long-lasting results with proper application and heat activation.

What industries benefit most from glyoxylic acid?

Cosmetics (especially hair care), pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agrochemical manufacturing.

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