Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) CAS No. 127-18-4

Tetrachloroethylene, commonly known as perchloroethylene or PCE, is a highly effective chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent renowned for its nonflammable properties and strong degreasing capabilities. With the chemical formula C₂Cl₄, it is a colorless, volatile liquid exhibiting a sweet, ether-like odor. This compound is a staple in industrial cleaning and extraction processes, offering superior solvency for oils, greases, and organic residues while maintaining stability under a wide range of conditions. Its low water solubility and high density make it particularly suitable for applications requiring precise separation and evaporation control.

CAS Number: 127-18-4 Molecular Weight: 165.83 g/mol Synonyms: Perchloroethylene, PCE, Tetrachloroethene, Perk

Key Properties

Tetrachloroethylene demonstrates consistent physical and chemical attributes that support its reliability in demanding solvent roles. The table below outlines essential specifications:

Property Value/Description
Appearance Clear, colorless liquid
Purity ≥99.5% (GC)
Density (25°C) 1.623 g/cm³
Boiling Point 121°C
Melting Point -22°C
Flash Point None (nonflammable)
Refractive Index (20°C) 1.505
Solubility in Water 206 mg/L at 25°C (slightly soluble)
Vapor Pressure (20°C) 13 mm Hg
Vapor Density (vs. air) 5.83

These characteristics ensure Tetrachloroethylene’s efficiency as a fast-evaporating solvent with minimal residue, ideal for high-purity cleaning and extraction tasks.

Applications and Uses

Tetrachloroethylene’s versatility extends across various industries, leveraging its potent solvency and nonflammable nature:

  • Dry Cleaning: The primary solvent in professional garment care, effectively removing stains and soils from fabrics without damaging fibers or colors.
  • Metal Degreasing and Cleaning: Used in vapor degreasing systems for precision parts in automotive, aerospace, and electronics manufacturing to eliminate heavy oils and contaminants.
  • Chemical Extraction: Employed as an extraction solvent in pharmaceutical, food processing, and analytical chemistry for isolating active compounds.
  • Adhesives and Coatings: Serves as a carrier solvent in formulating inks, paints, and adhesives, promoting even application and quick drying.
  • Other Industrial Applications: Utilized in textile processing, rubber production, and as a fumigant in soil remediation due to its ability to penetrate dense materials.

With proper management, Tetrachloroethylene supports sustainable practices by enabling recyclable solvent systems that reduce waste in closed-loop operations.

Safety and Handling

Tetrachloroethylene is a stable compound but requires careful handling due to its volatility and potential health effects. It is nonflammable but can cause central nervous system depression with prolonged exposure. Essential guidelines include:

  • Storage: Store in tightly sealed containers in cool, well-ventilated areas away from incompatible materials like strong alkalis or metals. Use compatible materials such as stainless steel or PTFE-lined equipment.
  • Handling: Employ appropriate PPE including gloves, goggles, and respirators in low-ventilation settings. Avoid skin contact and inhalation; use local exhaust ventilation.
  • Environmental Considerations: It persists in the environment and is toxic to aquatic organisms; implement spill containment and adhere to disposal protocols to prevent groundwater contamination.
  • Regulatory Compliance: Meets standards under REACH, TSCA, and EPA guidelines for controlled use; classified as a possible carcinogen (Group 2A by IARC).

Request the full Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for comprehensive hazard details.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the primary use of Tetrachloroethylene?

Tetrachloroethylene is most commonly used as a dry cleaning solvent, where it excels at dissolving oils and greases from textiles while being gentle on fabrics.

Is Tetrachloroethylene safe for everyday industrial handling?

It is nonflammable and stable, but overexposure can lead to dizziness or irritation. With standard PPE and ventilation, it is safely managed in controlled environments.

What is the shelf life of Tetrachloroethylene?

When stored properly in sealed containers away from light and heat, Tetrachloroethylene remains stable for 2-3 years, retaining its solvency without degradation.

Can Tetrachloroethylene be shipped globally?

Yes, it is shipped worldwide in compliance with UN, IATA, and IMDG regulations, available in packaging such as drums, totes, and tankers for quantities from lab-scale to bulk.

How does Tetrachloroethylene differ from trichloroethylene?

Tetrachloroethylene has four chlorine atoms, making it more stable and less reactive than trichloroethylene (with three), which results in better performance for dry cleaning and reduced decomposition risks.

What are the environmental impacts of Tetrachloroethylene?

It has moderate persistence in soil and water but can be treated via activated carbon adsorption or biodegradation in controlled systems; responsible use minimizes ecological risks.

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